Intelligent Automation (IA)—an integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Robotic Process Automation (RPA), and advanced analytics—has emerged as a critical capability for digital transformation in financial services. As financial institutions adapt to rapid technological shifts, regulatory pressure, cyber risks, and customer expectations, IA offers enhanced operational efficiency, risk mitigation, personalized services, and decision-making accuracy. This article develops a comprehensive theory of Intelligent Automation in the financial sector, analyzing its components, drivers, outcomes, and governance requirements. A conceptual model is proposed highlighting how IA capabilities interact with organizational resources, financial data ecosystems, regulatory frameworks, and automation design principles. The research contributes to financial technology scholarship by offering a holistic understanding of IA’s strategic value and practical implications for banks, insurance firms, fintechs, capital markets, and regulatory bodies.